GEOL 419    Micropaleontology

Section 01  •  12:00 PM–12:50 PM Friday  •  Hanna 308

Team taught (in order of instruction) by Dr. Gary Stringer, Dr. Mervin Kontrovitz & Dr. L.N. Glawe

 

Syllabus

I. Course Description

1 cr. This course presents and explores the multidisciplinary use and application of microfossils in paleontological investigations. Coverage includes microfossils classified as animals (invertebrates and vertebrates), protists, and plants. Emphasis is placed on the morphology and taxonomy of several major groups including foraminifers, ostracodes, and otoliths. Prerequisites: GEOL 211 and 213 or BIOL 101 and 102 (or equivalents).

II. Rationale

The subdiscipline of paleontology known as micropaleontology includes a huge diversity of organisms preserved as microfossils. This course in micropaleontology introduces the student to this field of study that is normally not covered in other geology courses. The course systematically investigates the various groups that can be classified as microfossils.

III. Course Objectives and Outcomes

This course is designed to enable students to:

  1. Identify and explain major concepts in the study of micropaleontology.
  2. Investigate essential principles regarding the utilization of microfossils for various studies.
  3. Recognize the various groups of animals, plants, and protists that are classified as microfossils.
  4. Know the basic morphological and taxonomic features of major microfossil groups.
  5. Explain and give examples of the use of microfossils in pure and applied research.

IV. Course Topics

The major topics to be considered are:

  1. Essential concepts and principles in the areas of micropaleontology.
  2. Groups commonly classified as microfossils including animals, plants, and protists.
  3. The investigation of the terminology, development, composition, and morphology of major groups of microfossils.
  4. The use of microfossils in geology and paleontology.
  5. A more detailed investigation of several major groups used in micropaleontology including otoliths (vertebrates), ostracodes (invertebrates ­ arthropods), and foraminifers (protists).

V. Instructional Methods and Activities

Methods and activities for instruction include a wide variety of instructional methods and techniques will be utilized in this course including:

  1. Advance organizers
  2. Lecture/group discussion
  3. Individual learning and independent research
  4. Hands-on activities
  5. Laboratory applications
  6. Problem-solving
  7. Computer-assisted instruction

VI. Evaluation and Grade Assignment

  1. Methods
    1. Written examinations (three at 30% each)
    2. Problem solving and laboratory activities, class projects, etc. (10%)
  2. Grading Scale:  90-100 = A; 80-89 = B; 70-79 = C; 60-69 = D; Below 60 = F
  3. Examinations will be taken during the unscheduled laboratory time the week following the completion of the course material. For example, Examination 1 covering material from Weeks 1-3 will be taken during the unscheduled lab period during Week 4. Instructors will be responsible for the testing of their material.

VII. Textbook(s)

Individual instructors will provide references and required readings in their areas.

VIII. Bibliography

Individual instructors will provide specific bibliographies in their areas. For example, Dr. Stringer will provide a bibliography dealing with otoliths in micropaleontology, Dr. Kontrovitz with ostracodes, and Dr. Glawe with foraminifers.

  1. Dr. Stringer's Bibliography List
    1. Contemporary References
      1. Carroll, R. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.
      2. Casteel, R.W. (1976). Fish remains in archaeology and paleo-environmental studies. London, England: Academic Press.
      3. Darnell, R.M., R.E. Defenbaugh, and D. Moore (1983). Northwestern Gulf Shelf Bio-Atlas: A study of the distribution of demersal fishes and penaeid shrimp of the soft bottoms of the continental shelf from the Rio Grande to the Mississippi River Delta: Minerals Management Service, United States Department of the Interior Open File Report 82-04. 438 p.
      4. Douglas, N.H. (1974). Freshwater fishes of Louisiana. Baton Rouge, LA: Claitor's Publishing Division.
      5. Fitch, J.E. (1967). The marine fish fauna, based primarily on otoliths, of a lower Pleistocene deposit at San Pedro, California. Los Angeles County Museum Contributions to Science, Volume 128, pp. 1-23.
      6. Fitch, J.E. (1972). Fish remains, primarily otoliths, from a coastal Indian midden (SL0-2) at Diablo Cove, San Luis Obispo County, California. Occasional Paper 7, San Luis Obispo County Archaeological Society.
      7. Hoese, H.D., and R.H. Moore (1977). Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico Texas, Louisiana, and adjacent waters. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
      8. Huddleston, R.W., and L.W. Barker (1978). Otoliths and other fish remains from the Chumash Midden at Rincon Point (SBa-1) Santa Barbara-Ventura Counties, California. Contributions in Science 289:1-36. Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History.
      9. Long, J.A. (1995). The Rise of the Fishes, 500 million years of evolution. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 223 p.
      10. McCune, R. (editor) (1971). Freshwater fishes of Texas. Bulletin 5-A:1-40. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.
      11. Nelson, J.S. (1984). Fishes of the world. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 523 p.
      12. Nelson, J.S. (1994). Fishes of the world. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 600 p.
      13. Nolf, D. (1980). Etude monographique des otolithes des Ophidiiformes actuels et revision des especies fossiles (Pisces, Teleostei): Meded. Werkgr. Tert. Kwart. Geol., Volume 17, pp. 72-195.
      14. Nolf, D. (1985). Otolith Piscium, Volume 10, Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, and New York.
      15. Nolf, D. and R. Brzobohaty (1992). Fish otoliths as paleobathymetric indicators: Paleontologica and Evolucio, Volume 24-25, pp. 255-264.
      16. Nolf, D. and D. Dockery (1990). Fish otoliths from the Coffee Sand (Campanian) of northeastern Mississippi: Mississippi Geology, Volume 10 (3), pp. 1-14.
      17. Nolf, D. and G.L. Stringer (1992). Neogene paleontology in the northern Dominican Republic–otoliths of teleostean fishes: Bulletins of American Paleontology, Volume 102 (340), pp. 41-81.
      18. Nolf, D., and G. Stringer (1996). Cretaceous fish otoliths: a synthesis of the North American record. In Mesozoic Fishes—Systematics and Paleoecology, edited by G. Arratia and G. Viohl, pp. 433-459. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, Germany. 576 p.
      19. Pannella, G. (1971). Fish otoliths: daily growth layers and periodical patterns. Science 173:1124-1127.
      20. Schafer, W. (1972). Ecology and Palaeoecology of Marine Environments. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 568 p.
      21. Schwarzhans, W. (1986). Fish otoliths from the lower Tertiary of Ellesmere Island: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, Volume 23, pp. 787-793.
      22. Schwarzhans, W. (1993). A comparative morphological treatise of Recent and fossil otoliths of the Family Sciaenidae (Perciformes), in Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, ed., Piscium catalogus/Otolithi piscium, Volume 1, pp. 1-254.
      23. Smale, M.J., G. Watson, and T. Hecht (1995). Otolith atlas of southern African marine fishes: Ichthyological Monographs of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, No. 1. 253 p.
      24. Smith, H. (1983). Determination of seasonality in archaeological sites through examination of fish otoliths: a case study. Journal of Field Archaeology 10:(4):498-500.
      25. Stringer, G.L. (1979). A study of the Upper Eocene otoliths of the Yazoo Clay in Caldwell Parish, Louisiana: Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology, Volume 15, pp. 95-103.
      26. Stringer, G.L. (1991). Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) teleostean otoliths from the Ripley Formation, Union County: Mississippi: Mississippi Geology, Volume 11 (3), pp. 9-20.
      27. Stringer, G.L. (1992). Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene teleostean otoliths from a Mississippi River mudlump: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Volume 12 (1), pp. 33-41.
      28. Smith, H. (1983). Determination of seasonality in archaeological sites through examination of fish otoliths: a case study. Journal of Field Archaeology 10:(4):498-500.
      29. Williams, T., and B. Bedford (1974). The use of otoliths for age determination, In The Ageing of Fish, edited by T. Bagenal. Unwin Brothers Limited, The Gresham Press, Old Working, Surrey, England. 234 p.
      30. Witt, A. (1960). Length and weight of ancient freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, calculated from otoliths found in Indian middens. Copeia: 181-185.
    2. Classic References
      1. Colbert, E.H. (1955). Evolution. of the Vertebrates. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
      2. Roemer, A.S. (1966). Vertebrate Paleontology. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
      3. Swanton, J.R. (1969). The Indians of the Southeastern United States. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
    3. Other Useful References for Otolith Research
      1. Barger, L.E. (1985). Age and growth of Atlantic croakers in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 114:847-850.
      2. Bass, R.J., and J.W. Avault, Jr. (1975). Food habits, length-weight condition factor, and growth of juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellata, in Louisiana. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104:35-45.
      3. Beamish, R.J., and G.A. McFarlane (1987). Current trends in age determination methodology. In Age and growth of fish, edited by R.C. Summerfelt and G.E. Hall, pp. 15-42. Iowa State University Press.
      4. Beaumariage, D.S. (1973). Age, growth and reproduction of king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, in Florida. Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Resources Report 1:1-45.
      5. Beckman, D.W., G.R. Fitzhugh, and C.A. Wilson (1988). Growth rates and validation of age estimates of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, in a Louisiana salt marsh impoundment. Contributions in Marine Science, (Supplement) 30:93-98.
      6. Beckman, D.W., C.A. Wilson, and A.L. Stanley (1989). Age and growth of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, from offshore waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Fishery Bulletin 87:17-28.
      7. Beckman, D.W., A.L. Stanley, J.H. Render, and C.A. Wilson (1990). Age and growth of black drum in Louisiana waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119:537-544.
      8. Beckman, D.W., A.L. Stanley, J.H. Render, and C.A. Wilson (1991). Age and growth-rate estimation of sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus, in Louisiana waters using otoliths. U. S. Fishery Bulletin 89:1-8.
      9. Beckman, D.W. and C.A. Wilson (1995). Seasonal timing of opaque zone formation in fish otoliths. In Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research, edited by D.H. Secor, J.M. Dean, and S.E. Campana. The Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science, Number 19:27-44.
      10. Bishop, A.H. (1913). An Oransay shell-mound­a Scottish pre-Neolithic Site. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquities of Scotland 48:52-108.
      11. Blacker, R.W. (1974). Recent advances in otolith studies. In Sea Fisheries Research edited by F.R. Harden-Jones. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York:67-90.
      12. Boehlert, G.W., M.M. Yoklavich, and D.B. Chelton (1989). Time series of growth in the genus Sebastes from the northeast Pacific ocean. U. S. Fishery Bulletin 87:791-806.
      13. Bruger, G.E. (1974). Age, growth, food habits and reproduction of bonefish, Albula vulpes, in south Florida waters. Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Report 3:1-20.
      14. Busacker, G., I. Adelman, and E. Goolish (1990). Growth. In Methods for Fish Biology, edited by C.B. Schreck and P.B. Moyle, pp. 363-387. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
      15. Butler, R.L., and L. Smith, Jr. (1950). The age and rate of growth of the sheepshead, Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque, in the upper Mississippi River navigation pools. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 79:43-54.
      16. Campana, S.E. (1984). Comparison of age determination methods for the starry founder. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113:365-369.
      17. Casselman, J.M. (1983). Age and growth assessment of fish from their calcified structures ­ techniques and tools. Technical Report NMRS 8. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C.
      18. Casselman, J.M. (1990). Growth and relative size of calcified structures of fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119:673-688.
      19. Casteel, R.W. (1974). On the remains of fish scales from archeological sites. American Antiquity 39:557-581.
      20. Colura, R.L., and T.L. King (1995). Using scale and otolith morphologies to separate spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) collected from two areas within Galveston Bay. In Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research., edited by D.H. Secor, J.M. Dean, and S.E. Campana, pp. 617-630. Number 19. The Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science, Columbia, South Carolina.
      21. Cunningham, P.K. (1988). Bioenergetics of freshwater drum in Lake Erie: a comparison of growth, food consumption and diet to assess inter-basin differences in prey. Master's of Science thesis. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
      22. Davis, J., B. Fonenot, C. Hoenke, A. Williams, and J. Hughes (1970). Ecological factors affecting anadromous fishes of Lake Pontchartrain and its tributaries. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Bulletin 9: 1-63.
      23. Duhe, B.J. (1976). Preliminary evidence of seasonal fishing activity at Bayou Jasmine. Louisiana Archaeology 3:33-74.
      24. Fagade, S.O. (1974). Age determination in Tilapia meanotheron (Ruppel) in the Lagos lagoon , Lagos, Nigeria. In The Ageing of Fish, edited by T. Bagenal. Unwin Brothers Limited, The Gresham Press, Old Working, Surrey, England. 234 p.
      25. Fitch, J.E. (1957). Earbones aid science, link past with present. Outdoor California 18:10-11.
      26. Fitch, J.E. (1967). Fish remains from a Corona del Mar, California, Indian midden (Ora-190). California Fish and Game 53:185-191.
      27. Fitch, J.E. (1969). Fish remains, primarily otoliths, from a Ventura, California, Chumash Village Site (Ven-3). Memoir Southern California Academy of Science 8:56-71.
      28. Follett, W.I. (1957). Fish remains from a shellmound in Marion County, California. American Antiquity 23:68-71.
      29. Follett, W.I. (1965). Fish remains in the archeological context. Sacramento Anthropological Society and Central California Archeological Foundation Paper 3:36-46.
      30. Follett, W.I. (1966). Fish remains from archeological sites at Irvine, Orange County, California. Archaeological Survey Annual Report 8:185-195.
      31. Follett, W.I. (1967). Fish remains from Salinas la Blanca, an archeological site on the Pacific coast of Guatemala. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 3:129-134.
      32. Fowler, A.J. (1995). Annulus formation in otoliths of coral reef fish ­ a review. In Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research, edited by D.H. Secor, J.M. Dean, and S.E. Campana, pp. 45-64. Number 19. The Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science, Columbia, South Carolina.
      33. Goodwin, A. (1946). Prehistoric fishing methods in South Africa. Antiquities 39:432-439.
      34. Grunau, L.F. (1991). A paleoenvironmental analysis of an archeological midden site in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana. Masters of Science thesis. Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe, Louisiana.
      35. Guest, W.C., and G. Gunter (1958). The sea trout or weakfishes (genus Cynoscion) of the Gulf of Mexico. Technical Summary No. 1, the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission.
      36. Huddleston, R.W. (1981). Fish remains from an archaeological site (Ora-193) at Newport Bay, Orange County, California. Pacific Coast Archeological Society Quarterly 17:127-139.
      37. Ihering, H. (1891). Uber die zoologisch-systematisch Bedeutung der Gehororgane der Teleostier. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 25:477-514.
      38. Irie, T. (1960). The growth of the fish otoliths. Journal of the Faculty of Fisheries and Animal Husbandry, Hiroshima University 3:202-221.
      39. Jackson, H.E. (1996). Faunal remains from the Watson Brake Mound complex: a preliminary look at Archaic subsistence patterns. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Birmingham, Alabama.
      40. Kingsmill, S. (1993). Deciphering the otoliths. Nature Canada 22:12-13.
      41. Kingsmill, S. (1993). Earstones speak volumes to fish researchers. Science 260:1233-1234
      42. Kishinouye, K. (1911). Prehistoric fishing in Japan. Journal of Collective Agriculture, University of Tokyo 2:328-382.
      43. Lea, I. (1833). Contributions to Geology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
      44. Lewis, R.B. (1988). Fires on the bayou: cultural adaptations the Mississippi Sound region. Southeastern Archaeology 7:109-123.
      45. Liew, P.K. (1974). Age determination of American eels based on the structure of their otoliths. In The Ageing of Fish, edited by T. Bagenal. Unwin Brothers Limited, Surrey, England.
      46. Niehoff, A. (1952). Otoliths as ornaments. Wisconsin Archaeologist 33:223-224.
      47. Pannella, G. (1980). Growth pattern in fish sagittae. In Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms, edited by D.C. Rhoads and R.A. Luts. Plenum Press, New York and London:519-560.
      48. Parmalee, P.W. (1956). An analysis of faunal remains found in the Modoc Rock Shelter, Randolph County, Illinois. In Modoc Rock Shelter Preliminary Report, edited by M.L. Fowler and H. Winters. Illinois State Museum Report of Investigations 4:47-53.
      49. Penman, J.T. (1983). Faunal remains. In The Grand Village of the Natchez Revisited, edited by R.S. Neitzel, Appendix II. Archeological Report 12, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Mississippi.
      50. Pew, P. (compiler) (1966). Food and game fishes of the Texas coast. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas.
      51. Pereira, D.L. (1992). Dynamics and biochronology of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) in the Red Lakes Minnesota. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
      52. Pereira, D.L., C. Bingham, G.R. Spangler, D.J. Conner, and P. Cunningham (1995). Construction of 110-year biochronology from sagittae of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens). In Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research, edited by D.H. Secor, J.M. Dean, and S.E. Campana, pp. 177-196. Number 19. The Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science, Columbia, South Carolina.
      53. Prewitt, E.R. (1987). Observations on seasonality of selected fish remains from 41AS16. Bulletin of the Archeological Society 58:169-174.
      54. Priegel, G.R. (1963). Use of otoliths to determine length and weight of ancient freshwater drum in the Lake Winnebago area. Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 52:27-35.
      55. Ralston, S.V. (1976). Age determination of a tropical reef butterflyfish utilizing daily growth rings of otoliths. U. S. Fisheries Bulletin 74:990-994.
      56. Ray, J.H. (1944). Drum bones. American Antiquity 10:101.
      57. Reitz, E.J., I. Quitmyer, H.S. Hale, S. Scudder, and E. Wing (1987). Application of allometry to Zooarcheology. American Antiquity 52:304-317.
      58. Renfrew, C., and P. Bahn (1991). Archaeology: Theories Methods and Practice. Thames and Hudson, Ltd., London, England.
      59. Rice, J.A., L.B. Crowder, and F.P. Binkowski (1985). Evaluating otolith analysis for bloater Coregonus hoyi: do otoliths ring true?. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 114:532-539.
      60. Ritchie, J. (1915). Notes on the animal remains. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquities of Scotland 49:70.
      61. Roessler, M.A. (1970). Checklist of fishes in Buttonwood Canal, Everglades National Park, Florida, and observations on the seasonal occurrence and life histories of selected species. Bulletin of Marine Science 20:860-893.
      62. Rostlund, E. (1955). Freshwater fish and fishing in native North America. University of California Publications in Geography 9:1-314.
      63. Secor, D.H., J.M. Dean, and E.H. Laban (1991). Manual for Otolith Removal and Preparation for Microstructural Examination. Electric Power Research Institute and the Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
      64. Shumway, G., C. Hubbs, and J. Moriarty (1961). Scripps Estate Site, San Diego, California: A La Jolla Site dated 5460 to 7370 years before the present. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 93:37-132.
      65. Simmons, E.G., and J.P. Breuer (1962). A study of redfish, Sciaenops ocellata Linnaeus and black drum, Pogonias cromis Linnaeus. Contributions in Marine Science 8:184-211.
      66. Stringer, G. (1995). Analysis of teleostean otoliths from three shell midden sites (41CH252, 41CH357, and 41LB4) from the Wallisville Lake Area in Chambers and Liberty Counties, Texas. In Archeological test excavation at four shell midden sites in the Wallisville Lake Project Area, Chambers and Liberty Counties, Texas. H. Blaine Ensor, Editor, Wallisville Lake Project Technical Series, Reports of Investigations Number 2, Geo-Marine, Inc.
      67. Stringer, G.L. (1986). Teleostean otoliths and their paleoecological implications at the Montgomery Landing locality, in J.A. Schiebout and W.A. van den Bold, eds., Montgomery Landing Site, Marine Eocene (Jackson) of Central Louisiana: Symposium Proceedings, Baton Rouge meeting, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, pp. 209-222.
      68. Stringer, G. (1996). The use of teleostean otoliths in archeological sites: examples from Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas (abstract). Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences 58:22. Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana.
      69. Summerfelt, R.C., and G.E. Hall (editors) (1987). Age and Growth of Fish. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
      70. Taubert, B.D., and D.W. Cable (1977). Daily rings in otoliths of three species of Lepomis and Tilapia mossanbica. Journal of Fisheries Resources Board of Canada 34:332-340.
      71. Taylor, P.S. (1955). The identification of bone fragments from the Lee Mill Cave Site. Proceedings of the Minnesota Academy of Science 29:467-487. St. Paul, Minnesota.
      72. Theiling, D.L., and H.A. Loyacano, Jr. (1976). Age and growth of red drum from a saltwater marsh impoundment in South Carolina. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105:41-44.
      73. Volk, E., D. Mortensen, and A. Wertheimer (1995). Growth of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) population in Auke Bay, Alaska. In Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research, edited by D.H. Secor, J.M. Dean, and S.E. Campana, pp. 211-226. Number 19. The Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
      74. Walker, E.F. (1951). Five prehistoric archaeological sites in Los Angeles County, California. Los Angeles Southwest Museum Paper 116.
      75. Zimmerman, L.S., D. Steele, and J. Meyer (1987). A visual key for the identification of otoliths. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 58:175-200.

IX. Course Schedule (tentative order of topics and examinations)

  1. Dr. Stringer
    1. Week 1
      1. Introduction to micropaleontology.
      2. Overview of diversity of organisms studied in micropaleontology.
    2. Week 2
      1. Micropaleontology of vertebrates (Kingdom Animalia; Phylum Chordata).
      2. Overview of vertebrates in micropaleontology.
      3. Introduction to micropaleontology of fish otoliths.
    3. Week 3
      1. Morphology and taxonomy of fish otoliths.
      2. Paleoenvironmental use of fish otoliths.
    4. Week 4 EXAMINATION #1 (during the unscheduled laboratory time)
  2. Dr. Kontrovitz
    1. Week 4
      1. Introduction to ostracodes (Kingdom Animalia; Phylum Arthropoda).
      2. Characteristics, morphology, and paleoecology of Ostracoda.
    2. Week 5 Continuation of the study of ostracodes.
    3. Week 6 Continuation of the study of ostracodes.
    4. Week 7 Continuation of the study of ostracodes.
    5. Week 8 EXAMINATION #2 (during the unscheduled laboratory time)
  3. Dr. Glawe
    1. Week 8 Introduction to Foraminifera (Kingdom Protista; Phylum Sarcodina).
    2. Week 9 Morphology and taxonomy of forams.
    3. Week 10 Agglutinated forams.
    4. Week 11 Calcareous imperforates.
    5. Week 12 Calcareous perforates.
    6. Week 13 Continuation of calcareous perforates.
    7. Week 14 Paleoenvironmental use of forams.
    8. Week 15 Continuation of paleoenvironmental use of forams.
    9. FINAL EXAMINATION ___day, May 00, 0:00 AM - 0:00 AM

 

 

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